Programming Paradigms
A programming paradigm is a model of programming based on distinct concepts that shape the way programmers design, organize and write programs. A multi-paradigm programming language allows programmers to choose a specific single approach or mix parts of different programming paradigms.
Paradigm can also be termed as a method to solve some problem or do some task. A programming paradigm is an approach to solve the problem using some programming language or also we can say it is a method to solve a problem using tools and techniques that are available to us following some approach. There are lots for a programming language that are known but all of them need to follow some strategy when they are implemented and this methodology/strategy is paradigms. Apart from varieties of programming language, there are lots of paradigms to fulfill each and every demand. They are discussed below:
1. Imperative Programming Paradigm
a) Procedural Programming Paradigm
b) Object Oriented Programming
c) Parallel Processing Approach
2. Declarative Programming Paradigm
a) Logic Programming Paradigm
b) Functional Programming
c) Database Processing Approach
1. Imperative programming paradigm:
It is one of the oldest programming paradigms. It features close relation to machine architecture. It works by changing the program state through assignment statements. It performs step by step task by changing state.
Advantage:
a) Very simple to implement
b) It contains loops, variables etc.
Disadvantage:
a) A complex problem cannot be solved
b) Less efficient and less productive
c) Parallel programming is not possible
Examples of Imperative programming paradigm:
C : developed by Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson
Fortan : developed by John Backus for IBM
Basic : developed by John G Kemeny and Thomas E Kurtz
Imperative programming is divided into three broad categories:
Procedural programming paradigm –
There is no difference in between procedural and imperative approach. It has the ability to reuse the code and it was boon at that time when it was in use because of its reusability.
Examples of Procedural programming paradigm:
C : developed by Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson
C++ : developed by Bjarne Stroustrup
Java : developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems
ColdFusion : developed by J J Allaire
Pascal : developed by Niklaus Wirth
Object-oriented programming –
The program is written as a collection of classes and object which are meant for communication. The smallest and basic entity is an object and all kind of computation is performed on the objects only. It can handle almost all kind of real-life problems.
Advantages:
a) Data security
b) Inheritance
c) Code reusability
d) Flexible and abstraction is also present
Examples of Object Oriented programming paradigm:
Simula : first OOP language
Java : developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems
C++ : developed by Bjarne Stroustrup
Objective-C : designed by Brad Cox
Visual Basic .NET : developed by Microsoft
Python : developed by Guido van Rossum
Ruby : developed by Yukihiro Matsumoto
Smalltalk : developed by Alan Kay, Dan Ingalls, Adele Goldberg
Parallel processing approach –
Parallel processing is the processing of program instructions by dividing them among multiple processors. A parallel processing system posses many numbers of the processor with the objective of running a program in less time by dividing them. This approach seems to be like divide and conquer.
Examples are NESL (one of the oldest one) and C/C++ also supports because of some library function.
2. Declarative programming paradigm:
In computer science, declarative programming is a style of building programs that express the logic of a computation without talking about its control flow. It often considers programs as theories of some logic. It may simplify writing parallel programs. It just declares the result we want rather how it has be produced. This is the only difference between imperative (how to do) and declarative (what to do) programming paradigms. Getting into deeper we would see logic, functional and database.
Logic programming paradigms –
It can be termed as an abstract model of computation. It would solve logical problems like puzzles, series etc. In logic programming we have a knowledge base which we know before and along with the question and knowledge base which is given to the machine, it produces a result. In normal programming languages, such concept of the knowledge base is not available but while using the concept of artificial intelligence, machine learning we have some models like Perception model which is using the same mechanism.
In logical programming, the main emphasis is on the knowledge base and the problem. The execution of the program is very much like proof of the mathematical statement,
e.g., Prolog
Functional programming paradigms –
The functional programming paradigms have its roots in mathematics and it is language independent. The key principle of this paradigms is the execution of a series of mathematical functions. The central model for the abstraction is the function which is meant for some specific computation and not the data structure. Data are loosely coupled to functions. The function hides their implementation. The function can be replaced with their values without changing the meaning of the program. Some of the languages like Perl, javascript mostly uses this paradigm.
Examples of Functional programming paradigm:
JavaScript : developed by Brendan Eich
Haskwell : developed by Lennart Augustsson, Dave Barton
Scala : developed by Martin Odersky
Erlang : developed by Joe Armstrong, Robert Virding
Lisp : developed by John Mccarthy
ML : developed by Robin Milner
Clojure : developed by Rich Hickey
Database/Data-driven programming approach –
This programming methodology is based on data and its movement. Program statements are defined by data rather than hard-coding a series of steps. A database program is the heart of a business information system and provides file creation, data entry, update, query and reporting functions. There are several programming languages that are developed mostly for the database application. For example SQL. It is applied to streams of structured data, for filtering, transforming, aggregating (such as computing statistics), or calling other programs. So it has its own wide application.
A programming paradigm is a model of programming based on distinct concepts that shape the way programmers design, organize and write programs. A multi-paradigm programming language allows programmers to choose a specific single approach or mix parts of different programming paradigms.
Paradigm can also be termed as a method to solve some problem or do some task. A programming paradigm is an approach to solve the problem using some programming language or also we can say it is a method to solve a problem using tools and techniques that are available to us following some approach. There are lots for a programming language that are known but all of them need to follow some strategy when they are implemented and this methodology/strategy is paradigms. Apart from varieties of programming language, there are lots of paradigms to fulfill each and every demand. They are discussed below:
1. Imperative Programming Paradigm
a) Procedural Programming Paradigm
b) Object Oriented Programming
c) Parallel Processing Approach
2. Declarative Programming Paradigm
a) Logic Programming Paradigm
b) Functional Programming
c) Database Processing Approach
1. Imperative programming paradigm:
It is one of the oldest programming paradigms. It features close relation to machine architecture. It works by changing the program state through assignment statements. It performs step by step task by changing state.
Advantage:
a) Very simple to implement
b) It contains loops, variables etc.
Disadvantage:
a) A complex problem cannot be solved
b) Less efficient and less productive
c) Parallel programming is not possible
Examples of Imperative programming paradigm:
C : developed by Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson
Fortan : developed by John Backus for IBM
Basic : developed by John G Kemeny and Thomas E Kurtz
Imperative programming is divided into three broad categories:
Procedural programming paradigm –
There is no difference in between procedural and imperative approach. It has the ability to reuse the code and it was boon at that time when it was in use because of its reusability.
Examples of Procedural programming paradigm:
C : developed by Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson
C++ : developed by Bjarne Stroustrup
Java : developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems
ColdFusion : developed by J J Allaire
Pascal : developed by Niklaus Wirth
Object-oriented programming –
The program is written as a collection of classes and object which are meant for communication. The smallest and basic entity is an object and all kind of computation is performed on the objects only. It can handle almost all kind of real-life problems.
Advantages:
a) Data security
b) Inheritance
c) Code reusability
d) Flexible and abstraction is also present
Examples of Object Oriented programming paradigm:
Simula : first OOP language
Java : developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems
C++ : developed by Bjarne Stroustrup
Objective-C : designed by Brad Cox
Visual Basic .NET : developed by Microsoft
Python : developed by Guido van Rossum
Ruby : developed by Yukihiro Matsumoto
Smalltalk : developed by Alan Kay, Dan Ingalls, Adele Goldberg
Parallel processing approach –
Parallel processing is the processing of program instructions by dividing them among multiple processors. A parallel processing system posses many numbers of the processor with the objective of running a program in less time by dividing them. This approach seems to be like divide and conquer.
Examples are NESL (one of the oldest one) and C/C++ also supports because of some library function.
2. Declarative programming paradigm:
In computer science, declarative programming is a style of building programs that express the logic of a computation without talking about its control flow. It often considers programs as theories of some logic. It may simplify writing parallel programs. It just declares the result we want rather how it has be produced. This is the only difference between imperative (how to do) and declarative (what to do) programming paradigms. Getting into deeper we would see logic, functional and database.
Logic programming paradigms –
It can be termed as an abstract model of computation. It would solve logical problems like puzzles, series etc. In logic programming we have a knowledge base which we know before and along with the question and knowledge base which is given to the machine, it produces a result. In normal programming languages, such concept of the knowledge base is not available but while using the concept of artificial intelligence, machine learning we have some models like Perception model which is using the same mechanism.
In logical programming, the main emphasis is on the knowledge base and the problem. The execution of the program is very much like proof of the mathematical statement,
e.g., Prolog
Functional programming paradigms –
The functional programming paradigms have its roots in mathematics and it is language independent. The key principle of this paradigms is the execution of a series of mathematical functions. The central model for the abstraction is the function which is meant for some specific computation and not the data structure. Data are loosely coupled to functions. The function hides their implementation. The function can be replaced with their values without changing the meaning of the program. Some of the languages like Perl, javascript mostly uses this paradigm.
Examples of Functional programming paradigm:
JavaScript : developed by Brendan Eich
Haskwell : developed by Lennart Augustsson, Dave Barton
Scala : developed by Martin Odersky
Erlang : developed by Joe Armstrong, Robert Virding
Lisp : developed by John Mccarthy
ML : developed by Robin Milner
Clojure : developed by Rich Hickey
Database/Data-driven programming approach –
This programming methodology is based on data and its movement. Program statements are defined by data rather than hard-coding a series of steps. A database program is the heart of a business information system and provides file creation, data entry, update, query and reporting functions. There are several programming languages that are developed mostly for the database application. For example SQL. It is applied to streams of structured data, for filtering, transforming, aggregating (such as computing statistics), or calling other programs. So it has its own wide application.
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